Fort Ligonier, 1762. This rare view of the fort was made by Lt. Archibald Blane of the 60th (Royal Americans) Regiment on June 30, 1762. It shows the east wall’s gate and its horizontally laid logs, the location of the flagpole, and the tops of the buildings within. The pointed logs at the top of the walls in place in 1758 were apparently removed by the time this rendering was made. (Collection and photo: Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania)

the sound of fearsome war whoops, the French and Canadians devastated the regular troops who were trained for linear tactics with muskets and bayonets. Their Visit Fort Ligonier for a surprisingly great collection of top notch artifacts and paintings from the period as well as a painstakingly reconstructed period fort. A column of about 500 men under Captain Aubry heads toward the hills, edging the Monongahela River. Ligonier, John 65 Loudon, John Campbell, Earl of 18–19, 18, 20, 21, 23 Louisbourg 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22 see also Isle Royale Louisbourg, battle of (1758) 4, 35 Louisiana 5, 6–7, 8, 11, 46, 72, 76 The Papers of Henry Bouquet Colonial Office The British Defeat of the French in Pennsylvania 1758 Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York Writings of General John Forbes War Officemilitiamen listed in the muster rolls. Some of these were occasionally called upon for guard duties and in emergencies. No accurate figure is known as to how many mustered, but it is certain that their numbers dwarfed the New France militiamen called on duty because of the huge difference in population in favor of the American colonies. By then the French had only about 7,000 regulars to defend Canada and Louisbourg.

Strategic map of the conquest of Canada, 1758–60; Lord Loudoun’s grand strategic plan was carried out over three years. In 1758 two of the year’s three objectives fell: Fortress Louisbourg in July and Fort Duquesne in November. They were repulsed at Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga), but took it the following year along with Quebec and Niagara. In 1760 three armies marched on the ultimate objective, Montreal, where the French army capitulated on September 8. (Collection and photo: Directorate of History and Heritage, Department of National Defence, Ottawa) Destruction of Fort de la Presqu’île, 1759. Following their evacuation and destruction of Fort Duquesne, forts Machault (or Venango), Le Boeuf, and de la Presqu’île were also set on fire by the retreating French and Canadians. (Anonymous 1930s painting. Erie County Historical Society, Erie, Pennsylvania. Author’s photo) Speaking of missions my absolute favourite thing about Muskets and Tomahawks (and if you’ve read my comments on OTT I do mention this a lot) are the Side Plots. Every game should have side plots, 40K, AoS, Flames of War, Bolt Action, Monopoly all of them need some good side plots. Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 usually tended to have blue or green uniforms for their infantry units rather than red, although there were exceptions. Although the Pennsylvania Quaker population was still demographically important and politically powerful, waves of settlers of other beliefs and origin had also put down roots and prospered in the province. These settlers were not as pacifist as the Quakers and clamored to have some military organization. At the behest of Benjamin Franklin and other prominent men, volunteer armed associations had been formed in the 1740s and, with warfare erupting on the western frontier in the 1750s, concerned citizens pressured their legislature to provide some military aid. At length, compromises were found and provincial troops were allowed to be raised and funded. The Pennsylvania contingent for 1758 was quite large by colonial standards and consisted of three numbered battalions forming the Pennsylvania Provincial Regiment. However, the regiment had no central command and actually operated as three separate and distinct units. The 1st Pennsylvania Battalion was commanded by Colonel John Armstrong, a frontiersman who, two years earlier, had led a daring and successful raid on evacuation of Hanover. This disaster forced the French government to send more troops to the German front, where they were met with further defeats. Consequently, France’s overseas empire was neglected. No substantial reinforcements were sent to Canada thereafter. The American colonies meanwhile greeted a steady flow of reinforcements arriving from Britain, such as the 17th, 77th, and 78th (the latter two both Highland) regiments in 1757. The following year the 15th, 28th, 58th, and 62nd line infantry regiments, as well as more gunners, joined the army already in place. In addition, a light infantry regiment, the 80th, was raised, bringing the regular British army in North America to approximately 23,000 men. American troops raised in the various “provinces” and serving full-time from the spring to the late fall of each year represented another 22,000 officers and men in the field during 1758. Additional to these provincial troops were about 200,000 American colonialIn spite of the outstanding success in repulsing Grant’s raiding force, there now could be no doubt in the minds of Lignery, his officers, and his men, that the powerful Anglo-American army was nevertheless irrevocably advancing towards Fort Duquesne thanks to its road-building and the methodical progress it could afford to take. With what must have seemed to the French like a nearly limitless amount of men, supplies and money, the Anglo-American army could afford to build strong positions along the way, the latest being Fort Ligonier. It was clear that Fort Duquesne would have to be abandoned sooner or later. Although allied Indians had greatly profited from Grant’s fiasco, they now had increasing misgivings about the capacity of the “Great White Father” to prevail in this conflict and many

Origins Skirmish in Hampshire County, West Virginia, Spring 1756. In the early part of the war, the French, Canadians, and their allied Indians prevailed on the frontier. However, the Colonial Americans did have the occasional success against these raiders. In the spring of 1756, Virginia Militia Captain Jeremiah Smith of Albemarle County arrived in Hampshire County, Virginia, then on the western edge of settlement and today part of West Virginia. He was just in time: “...a party of about 50 Indians, with a French captain at their head, crossed the Allegheny Mountains... Capt. Smith raised a party of twenty brave men, marched to meet this...foe, and fell in with them at the head of the Capon River, when a fierce and bloody battle was fought. Smith killed the captain with his own hand; five other Indians have fallen...they gave way and fled.” Episodes such as this were repeated scores of times in the frontier counties Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 shouts… The fight was brisk and stubborn…the loss of the English was 400 killed, a large number wounded and at least 100 made prisoners including the commander [Grant] and other officers. We lost 8 Canadians killed and 8 wounded… Mr. Aubry, captain of the troops of New Orleans as well as all officers of the detachment from the Illinois gave proof of great valor in this affair…1 Montour, the “Enemy’s strength both as to Indians, French and Canadians and the present situation of their fort be infinitely stronger than any thing I ever could have imagined… [Croghan and Montour] sending me positive accounts that their numbers exceed greatly 4000, in and about the Fort…” By October 8, Croghan was still insisting that there were about 4,000 enemies, but Forbes now informed Abercromby that “This I cannot believe” and now thought that “their whole force are not more than 1200 men which is in their fort…” A week later, on October 15, Forbes wrote to Bouquet informing him that the Ohio Indians had told the participants at the meeting going on in Easton at the time that “the French will have in those parts near four thousand men French, Canadians, & Indians. That they have provisions in plenty as yet; That the Canadians are not at all in the Fort but that they as well as the western Indians were scattered about in the Indian villages where they help the inhabitants to build huts & houses and were ready at a Call” (Forbes: pp. 217, 227, 230). Thus plagued with obviously dubious information, General Forbes was rightly suspicious about American intelligence services. On the French side, everyone knew in Fort Duquesne that major reinforcements amounting to thousands of troops would not be coming to the Ohio Valley to face a large Anglo-American army. The defense resources of New France were already stretched to the limit and its few thousands of regular soldiers could be concentrated on only one front. In the summer of about 40 men under the command of Ensign Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville. Within 15 minutes, ten men were killed, including Jumonville, and only a Canadian militiaman named Monceau succeeded in escaping and returning to Fort Duquesne. On June 26, Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers arrived at Fort Duquesne with reinforcements and learned of the death of Jumonville, who was his brother. Now with sufficient forces and eager for retribution, Coulon de Villiers went after Washington and his men, and soon found them huddled in their own hurriedly built Fort Necessity at Great Meadows (near Farmington, Pennsylvania). After a heavy exchange of fire, which killed about a hundred Americans, Washington capitulated. The repercussions of these events created a diplomatic storm in Europe, which led to war between Britain and France. Unlike New France, the British seaboard colonies had few regular soldiers. In 1754 the largest contingent was in Nova Scotia, where the 40th, 45th, and 47th regiments were posted, to a total of approximately 1,500 The Plan Regimental color of the 60th (Royal American) Regiment, c.1757–60. (Reconstitution. Fort Pitt Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Author’s photo)Essentially Side Plots are just that, side missions mostly undertaken by the force commander which do things like help break ties, mitigate losses or make victories that much more satisfying. It gets even better though because if you choose to roll for a side plot then you randomly get one of ten Gifts which are once a game special actions that make your Commander that much more superior to those lesser men who choose to play games without Side Plots. Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Bouquet, c.1755. He was the senior officer after General Forbes in his army during the 1758 campaign. (Print from an unsigned portrait. Author’s photo) European war 15–16 Forbes’ campaign (1758) Aubry’s raid 60–68, 62–63, 66–67 Forbes’ army 4, 18, 25–34 Grant’s raid 4, 49–59, 50–51, 52, 53, 54–55, 59, 70, 73 Lt. Corbière’s patrol 68–69 routes to Fort Duquesne 24, 35–40, 42 strength of Fort Duquesne garrison 42–43, 46–48 see also Indian nations; strategy Forbes, Gen John 4, 23, 24, 32, 74 on artillery 27–28 on Aubry’s raid 68

Evacuation of Fort Duquesne, November 1758. (Print after W. Snyder. Private collection. Author’s photo)Origins Colonel George Washington, Virginia Regiment. Although this 19th-century painting shows the regiment’s officer’s coat buttons and lace as being of gold, they were actually silver. (Unknown artist. Collection and photo: Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania)